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became prominent

  • 1 становиться заметным

    Становиться заметным
     This reduction is pronounced at low bearing numbers.
     The cross flow effect became prominent when the quench fronts on zircaloy and stainless steel were separated by about 15 cm.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > становиться заметным

  • 2 Generación del 27

    The name applied to the loose grouping of writers who became prominent in Spain in the late 1920s, 1927 being the third centennial of the death of the Golden Age poet Luis de Góngora. The best known among them are Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Gerardo Diego, Pedro Salinas, Dámaso Alonso, Jorge Guillén, Manuel Altolaguirre. Among the influences some or all of them shared were traditional poetic and musical forms, folk verse, flamenco, the cinema, surrealism. Many of them were politically active.

    Spanish-English dictionary > Generación del 27

  • 3 core business

    Gen Mgt
    the central, and usually the original, focus of an organization’s activities that differentiates it from others and makes a vital contribution to its success. The concept of core business became prominent in the 1980s when diversification by large companies failed to generate the anticipated degree of commercial success. In 1982, Tom Peters’s and Robert Waterman’s book In Search of Excellence suggested that organizations should stick to the knitting and avoid diversifying into areas beyond their field of expertise. An organization’s core business should be defined by the core competences of the organization.

    The ultimate business dictionary > core business

  • 4 representante

    adj.
    representative.
    f. & m.
    1 representative (gen) & (commerce).
    2 agent.
    * * *
    1 representative
    1 representative
    2 (actor) actor; (actriz) actress
    * * *
    noun mf.
    * * *
    SMF
    1) [de organización, país, en parlamento] representative
    2) (Com) representative
    3) [de artista, deportista] agent
    4) † (=actor) performer, actor/actress
    * * *
    masculino y femenino representative
    * * *
    = proxy, representative, umbrella, nominee, exponent, figurehead, byword, officer, spokesman [spokesmen, -pl.], spokeswoman [spokeswomen, -pl.].
    Nota: Femenino.
    Ex. This article suggests that 'form of material' should be used to serve as a proxy for information content analysis in the case of archival material.
    Ex. CAG's membership consists basically of representatives from each of the British library co-operative.
    Ex. SCOCLIS is the umbrella body for the 30 UK local networks which deal in commercial and technical information resources.
    Ex. A local coordinating committee was also established for the course, consisting of the President (or his nominee), the local coordinator and the local tutors.
    Ex. The Commission of the European Communities is also the exponent of Community as distinct from national interests in the Council of Ministers.
    Ex. This book is a biography of Mary Baker Eddy, a woman who became the figurehead for the medico-religious movement of Christian Science.
    Ex. Hackman became a byword for everything that was authentic about the cerebral American New Wave of the late 1960s and 1970s.
    Ex. Thus, sometimes the information does not reach those officers who would benefit most from access to it.
    Ex. The philosophy of these critics was enunciated by one of their most prominent spokesmen, the famous Thomas Carlyle.
    Ex. The UK Labour Party spokeswoman on information technology reviewed some of the future applications of the information superhighway to education.
    ----
    * Cámara de Representantes = House of Representatives.
    * grupo de representantes = focus group.
    * representante comercial = company representative, business traveller.
    * representante de laboratorio farmacéutico = pharmaceutical company representative.
    * representante de la comunidad = community activist.
    * representante de los estudiantes = student representative.
    * representante de productos farmacéuticos = pharmaceutical company representative.
    * representante de ventas = sales rep, sales representative.
    * representante militar = army official, army officer.
    * representante oficial = game official.
    * representante sindical = trade union shop steward, shop steward, steward, union steward, trade union official.
    * visita de representante = sales call.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino representative
    * * *
    = proxy, representative, umbrella, nominee, exponent, figurehead, byword, officer, spokesman [spokesmen, -pl.], spokeswoman [spokeswomen, -pl.].
    Nota: Femenino.

    Ex: This article suggests that 'form of material' should be used to serve as a proxy for information content analysis in the case of archival material.

    Ex: CAG's membership consists basically of representatives from each of the British library co-operative.
    Ex: SCOCLIS is the umbrella body for the 30 UK local networks which deal in commercial and technical information resources.
    Ex: A local coordinating committee was also established for the course, consisting of the President (or his nominee), the local coordinator and the local tutors.
    Ex: The Commission of the European Communities is also the exponent of Community as distinct from national interests in the Council of Ministers.
    Ex: This book is a biography of Mary Baker Eddy, a woman who became the figurehead for the medico-religious movement of Christian Science.
    Ex: Hackman became a byword for everything that was authentic about the cerebral American New Wave of the late 1960s and 1970s.
    Ex: Thus, sometimes the information does not reach those officers who would benefit most from access to it.
    Ex: The philosophy of these critics was enunciated by one of their most prominent spokesmen, the famous Thomas Carlyle.
    Ex: The UK Labour Party spokeswoman on information technology reviewed some of the future applications of the information superhighway to education.
    * Cámara de Representantes = House of Representatives.
    * grupo de representantes = focus group.
    * representante comercial = company representative, business traveller.
    * representante de laboratorio farmacéutico = pharmaceutical company representative.
    * representante de la comunidad = community activist.
    * representante de los estudiantes = student representative.
    * representante de productos farmacéuticos = pharmaceutical company representative.
    * representante de ventas = sales rep, sales representative.
    * representante militar = army official, army officer.
    * representante oficial = game official.
    * representante sindical = trade union shop steward, shop steward, steward, union steward, trade union official.
    * visita de representante = sales call.

    * * *
    1 (de una persona, organización) representative; ( Com) representative
    es representante de una editorial she represents a publishing house
    ganó la representante brasileña the Brazilian contestant won
    2 (diputado) representative
    Compuesto:
    ( period); officer of the law
    * * *

     

    representante sustantivo masculino y femenino
    representative;
    (de artista, cantante) agent;

    representante
    I adjetivo representative
    II mf
    1 representative
    2 (de un artista) agent, manager
    3 Com sales representative

    ' representante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acreditado
    - acreditar
    - delegado
    - legítimo
    - personero
    - vendedor
    English:
    absent
    - agent
    - rep
    - representative
    - sales rep
    - salesman
    - saleswoman
    - shop steward
    - dealer
    - proxy
    - sales
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    representative
    ♦ nmf
    [delegado] representative;
    ganó el festival el representante irlandés the contestant representing Ireland won the contest;
    representante exclusivo(a) sole representative;
    representante sindical union rep o representative
    * * *
    m/f tb COM representative
    * * *
    1) : representative
    2) : performer
    * * *
    representante n representative

    Spanish-English dictionary > representante

  • 5 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

    (19061980)
       Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.
       Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.
       After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.
       Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.
       When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.
       Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.
       Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

  • 6 Negreiros, José Sobral de Almada

    (1893-1970)
       Portuguese artist and writer. Born on the island of São Tomé, West Africa, a Portuguese colonial possession until 1975, Almada Ne-greiros began his artistic career as a humorist and cartoonist during the First Republic (1910-26). Linked with other writers, such as the celebrated Fernando Pessoa in the Orpheu review group, he became a leader of the avant garde artists-intellectuals who became cultural rebels through their art (especially painting and sculpture) and their writings. From the beginning, he became a leader in Portugal's modernist and futurist movements, and his sense of Portuguese identity and artistic taste was shaped in part by two important journeys to Madrid and Paris before 1930.
       Almada Negreiros was a versatile artist who expressed himself through a variety of creative works: drawings and paintings, novels, lectures, and pamphlets. In Portuguese art history, nevertheless, he became immortalized through his paintings of frescos and murals, such as the pictures found in A Brasileira, a legendary cafe in Lisbon's Chiado area; his paintings at the Exposition of the Portuguese World (1940); his murals at maritime stations at Alcântara (Lisbon) and Rocha do Conde De Óbidos, as well as in other public buildings; and a prominent panel in the atrium of the Gulbenkian Foundation headquarters, Lisbon, completed in 1969, the year before his death. In addition to other forms, he experimented with geometric abstractionism.
       Politically at odds with the Estado Novo toward the end of his life, Almada Negreiros remained ambivalent when his work was showered with official honors.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Negreiros, José Sobral de Almada

  • 7 Xavier, Saint Francis

    (1506-1551)
       Jesuit missionary and preacher in Asia, known as the "Apostle of the Indies" and the "Apostle of Japan," one of the most prominent and admired saints in the Catholic tradition. Born a Basque in Navarre, Spain, Xavier studied at the University of Paris and became one of the first Jesuits following his friendship and association with St. Ignatius Loyola.
       He became a Jesuit in Italy and, in 1540, was named by the pope Apostolic Nuncio to the East. After an arduous 13-month journey, he reached Goa, Portuguese India, which became the base for his personal preaching and conversion crusade in Asia. He spread the Gospel and converted thousands in India, Malaysia, Malacca, and Japan during a full decade of tireless effort. Prematurely, he died exhausted in China on the eve of an effort to preach in that kingdom. He was buried in Goa, India, in 1551; his body remained in an incorrupt state for a long period and his grave became an important Catholic shrine and center of devotion. In 1622, he was canonized by Pope Gregory XV, and Pope Pius XI declared him patron saint of all foreign missions.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Xavier, Saint Francis

  • 8 Locke, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 9 August 1805 Attercliffe, Yorkshire, England
    d. 18 September 1860 Moffat, Scotland
    [br]
    English civil engineer who built many important early main-line railways.
    [br]
    Joseph Locke was the son of a colliery viewer who had known George Stephenson in Northumberland before moving to Yorkshire: Locke himself became a pupil of Stephenson in 1823. He worked with Robert Stephenson at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s locomotive works and surveyed railways, including the Leeds \& Selby and the Canterbury \& Whitstable, for George Stephenson.
    When George Stephenson was appointed Chief Engineer for construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1826, the first resident engineer whom he appointed to work under him was Locke, who took a prominent part in promoting traction by locomotives rather than by fixed engines with cable haulage. The pupil eventually excelled the master and in 1835 Locke was appointed in place of Stephenson as Chief Engineer for construction of the Grand Junction Railway. He introduced double-headed rails carried in chairs on wooden sleepers, the prototype of the bullhead track that became standard on British railways for more than a century. By preparing the most detailed specifications, Locke was able to estimate the cost of the railway much more accurately than was usual at that time, and it was built at a cost close to the estimate; this made his name. He became Engineer to the London \& Southampton Railway and completed the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyme \& Manchester Railway, including the 3-mile (3.8 km) Woodhead Tunnel, which had been started by Charles Vignoles. He was subsequently responsible for many British main lines, including those of the companies that extended the West Coast Route northwards from Preston to Scotland. He was also Engineer to important early main lines in France, notably that from Paris to Rouen and its extension to Le Havre, and in Spain and Holland. In 1847 Locke was elected MP for Honiton.
    Locke appreciated early in his career that steam locomotives able to operate over gradients steeper than at first thought practicable would be developed. Overall his monument is not great individual works of engineering, such as the famous bridges of his close contemporaries Robert Stephenson and I.K. Brunel, but a series of lines built economically but soundly through rugged country without such works; for example, the line over Shap, Cumbria.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Officier de la Légion d'honneur, France. FRS. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1858–9.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1861, Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 20. L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, Great Engineers, London: G. Bell \& Sons, ch. 6.
    Industrial Heritage, 1991, Vol. 9(2):9.
    See also: Brassey, Thomas
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Locke, Joseph

  • 9 Mond, Ludwig

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 7 March 1839 Cassel, Germany
    d. 11 December 1909 London, England
    [br]
    German (naturalized English) industrial chemist.
    [br]
    Born into a prosperous Jewish merchant family, Mond studied at the Polytechnic in Cassel and then under the distinguished chemists Hermann Kolbe at Marburg and Bunsen at Heidelberg from 1856. In 1859 he began work as an industrial chemist in various works in Germany and Holland. At this time, Mond was pursuing his method for recovering sulphur from the alkali wastes in the Leblanc soda-making process. Mond came to England in 1862 and five years later settled permanently, in partnership with John Hutchinson \& Co. at Widnes, to perfect his process, although complete success eluded him. He became a naturalized British subject in 1880.
    In 1872 Mond became acquainted with Ernest Solvay, the Belgian chemist who developed the ammonia-soda process which finally supplanted the Leblanc process. Mond negotiated the English patent rights and set up the first ammoniasoda plant in England at Winnington in Cheshire, in partnership with John Brunner. After overcoming many difficulties by incessant hard work, the process became a financial success and in 1881 Brunner, Mond \& Co. was formed, for a time the largest alkali works in the world. In 1926 the company merged with others to form Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI). The firm was one of the first to adopt the eight-hour day and to provide model dwellings and playing fields for its employees.
    From 1879 Mond took up the production of ammonia and this led to the Mond producer-gas plant, patented in 1883. The process consisted of passing air and steam over coal and coke at a carefully regulated temperature. Ammonia was generated and, at the same time, so was a cheap and useful producer gas. Mond's major discovery followed the observation in 1889 that carbon monoxide could combine with nickel in its ore at around 60°C to form a gaseous compound, nickel carbonyl. This, on heating to a higher temperature, would then decompose to give pure nickel. Mond followed up this unusual way of producing and purifying a metal and by 1892 had succeeded in setting up a pilot plant to perfect a large-scale process and went on to form the Mond Nickel Company.
    Apart from being a successful industrialist, Mond was prominent in scientific circles and played a leading role in the setting up of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1881. The success of his operations earned him great wealth, much of which he donated for learned and charitable purposes. He formed a notable collection of pictures which he bequeathed to the National Gallery.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1891.
    Bibliography
    1885, "On the origin of the ammonia-soda process", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4:527–9.
    1895. "The history of the process of nickel extraction", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 14:945–6.
    Further Reading
    J.M.Cohen, 1956, The Life of Ludwig Mond, London: Methuen. Obituary, 1918, Journal of the Chemical Society 113:318–34.
    F.C.Donnan, 1939, Ludwig Mond 1839–1909, London (a valuable lecture).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Mond, Ludwig

  • 10 proclamar

    v.
    1 to proclaim.
    Ella declaró sus razones She declared her reasons.
    2 to acclaim.
    3 to declare.
    * * *
    2 (revelar) to broadcast
    1 to proclaim oneself
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to proclaim
    2.
    proclamarse v pron to proclaim oneself
    * * *
    = enunciate, proclaim, trumpet.
    Ex. The philosophy of these critics was enunciated by one of their most prominent spokesmen, the famous Thomas Carlyle.
    Ex. Having proclaimed the merits of pre-coordination in effective and efficient retrieval, the next chapter examines pre-coordinate indexing systems in greater detail.
    Ex. Just weeks after trumpeting the results of a military offensive, the Pakistan army suddenly finds itself under attack on multiple fronts.
    ----
    * proclamar abiertamente = be vociferous about/in.
    * proclamar a los cuatro vientos = shout + Nombre + from the rooftops.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to proclaim
    2.
    proclamarse v pron to proclaim oneself
    * * *
    = enunciate, proclaim, trumpet.

    Ex: The philosophy of these critics was enunciated by one of their most prominent spokesmen, the famous Thomas Carlyle.

    Ex: Having proclaimed the merits of pre-coordination in effective and efficient retrieval, the next chapter examines pre-coordinate indexing systems in greater detail.
    Ex: Just weeks after trumpeting the results of a military offensive, the Pakistan army suddenly finds itself under attack on multiple fronts.
    * proclamar abiertamente = be vociferous about/in.
    * proclamar a los cuatro vientos = shout + Nombre + from the rooftops.

    * * *
    proclamar [A1 ]
    vt
    to proclaim
    fue proclamado rey he was proclaimed king
    fue proclamada la ley marcial martial law was declared o proclaimed
    proclamó su inocencia he proclaimed o protested his innocence
    to proclaim oneself
    se proclamó jefe supremo de las fuerzas armadas he proclaimed himself commander-in-chief of the armed forces
    se proclamó campeón por cuarta vez he became champion o he won the championship for the fourth time
    * * *

    proclamar ( conjugate proclamar) verbo transitivo
    to proclaim
    proclamarse verbo pronominal
    to proclaim oneself
    proclamar verbo transitivo to proclaim
    ' proclamar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    declarar
    English:
    declare
    - proclaim
    - nominate
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [nombrar] to proclaim
    2. [anunciar] to declare;
    el presidente ha proclamado su inocencia en el escándalo the president has declared his innocence in the scandal;
    no es necesario proclamarlo a los cuatro vientos you don't need to broadcast it
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( decir públicamente) proclaim
    2 ( revelar) show
    * * *
    : to proclaim

    Spanish-English dictionary > proclamar

  • 11 заметный

    •

    The greater this velocity, the more conspicuous the Doppler shift.

    •

    A distinct drop was found at 86°F.

    •

    All these alloys possess marked ferromagnetic properties.

    •

    Acridine shows marked fluorescence.

    •

    If no perceptible (or sensible) change takes place in..., the solution is saturated.

    •

    The influence of temperature is much more prominent than that of the reactor throughout.

    •

    Only one reaction occurs at a detectable rate without a catalyst.

    •

    The hydrogen contains noticeable amounts of ammonia and... as impurities.

    •

    These changes are most evident in gases.

    * * *
    Заметный -- appreciable, marked, prominent, perceptible, pronounced, noticeable, discernable, observable, substantial
     Always change the bit when there is an appreciable drop-off in drilling speed, or any noticeable change in the action of the drill.
     Note that a pronounced change in NOx was observed as the inlet pressure was raised from 790 to 1200 kPa.
     No discernible shear angle could be observed for LDPE.
    —заметное влияние на
    —оказывать заметное влияние на

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > заметный

  • 12 prognato

    adj.
    prognathic, underhung, prognathous, undershot.
    * * *
    Ex. Besides these variations, both maxillary and mandibular alveolar regions became prognathic.
    * * *

    Ex: Besides these variations, both maxillary and mandibular alveolar regions became prognathic.

    * * *
    with a projecting lower jaw, prognathous ( tech)
    * * *
    prognato, -a adj
    Espec prognathous;
    los Austrias más prognatos the Hapsburgs with the most prominent lower jaws

    Spanish-English dictionary > prognato

  • 13 Bevan, Edward John

    [br]
    b. 11 December 1856 Birkenhead, England
    d. 17 October 1921 London, England
    [br]
    English co-inventor of the " viscose rayon " process for making artificial silk.
    [br]
    Bevan began his working life as a chemist in a soap works at Runcorn, but later studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. It was there that he met and formed a friendship with C.F. Cross, with whom he started to work on cellulose. Bevan moved to a paper mill in Scotland but then went south to London, where he and Cross set up a partnership in 1885 as consulting and analytical chemists. Their work was mainly concerned with the industrial utilization of cellulose, and with the problems of the paper and jute industries. Their joint publication, A Text-book of Paper-making, which first appeared in 1888 and went into several editions, became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The book has a long introductory chapter on cellulose.
    In 1892 Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle discovered viscose, or sodium cellulose xanthate, and took out the patent which was to be the foundation of the "viscose rayon" industry. They had their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens, where they carried out much work that eventually resulted in viscose: cellulose, usually in the form of wood pulp, was treated first with caustic soda and then with carbon disulphide to form the xanthate, which was then dissolved in a solution of dilute caustic soda to produce a viscous liquid. After being aged, the viscose was extruded through fine holes in a spinneret and coagulated in a dilute acid to regenerate the cellulose as spinnable fibres. At first there was no suggestion of spinning it into fibre, but the hope was to use it for filaments in incandescent electric light bulbs. The sheen on the fibres suggested their possible use in textiles and the term "artificial silk" was later introduced. Cross and Bevan also discovered the acetate "Celanese", which was cellulose triacetate dissolved in acetone and spun in air, but both inventions needed much development before they could be produced commercially.
    In 1892 Bevan turned from cellulose to food and drugs and left the partnership to become Public Analyst to Middlesex County Council, a post he held until his death, although in 1895 he and Cross published their important work Cellulose. He was prominent in the affairs of the Society of Public Analysts and became one of its officials.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1888, with C.F.Cross, A Text-book of Papermaking.
    1892, with C.F.Cross and C.Beadle, British patent no. 8,700 (viscose). 1895, with C.F.Cross, Cellulose.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Chemical Society.
    Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.
    Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Bevan, Edward John

  • 14 Chanute, Octave Alexandre

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 18 February 1832 Paris, France
    d. 24 November 1910 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    American engineer, developer of successful hang-gliders in the 1890s and disseminator of aeronautical information.
    [br]
    Chanute was born in Paris, but from the age of 6 he lived in the United States, where he became a prominent railway engineer. He developed an interest in aviation relatively late in life, and in fact built his first glider at the age of 64. Before that, he had collected all the information he could find on aviation, especially on the work of Otto Lilienthal in Germany. In 1894 he published an account of these researches in a classic work, Progress in Flying Machines.
    By 1896 Chanute was ready to carry out practical experiments of his own and designed a series of hang-gliders. He started with a Lilienthal-type monoplane and progressed to his very successful biplane glider. He used a bridge-truss method of cross-bracing to give his wings the required strength, a system used by many of his successors, including the Wright brothers. Chanute's gliders were flown on the shore of Lake Michigan by his two young assistants A.M.Herring and W.Avery. The biplane glider made some seven hundred flights without mishap, covering up to 100 m (110 yds). In 1898 Herring fitted an engine into a modified glider and claimed to have made two short hops.
    In 1900 the Wright brothers made contact with Chanute and sought his advice, which he readily gave, indeed, he became one of their most trusted advisors. In 1903 Chanute travelled to Paris and gave an illustrated lecture describing his own and the Wrights' gliding successes, generating much interest amongst European aviators.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1910.
    Bibliography
    1894, Progress in Flying Machines, New York (Chanute's classic work).
    Further Reading
    C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1986, Aviation, London.
    —1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (both describe Chanute's place in the history of aviation).
    T.D.Crouch, A Dream of Wings, Americans and the Airplane 1875–1905 (includes several chapters on Chanute and a comprehensive bibliography).
    Chanute is also mentioned in most of the biographies of the Wright brothers.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Chanute, Octave Alexandre

  • 15 Herbert, Edward Geisler

    [br]
    b. 23 March 1869 Dedham, near Colchester, Essex, England
    d. 9 February 1938 West Didsbury, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English engineer, inventor of the Rapidor saw and the Pendulum Hardness Tester, and pioneer of cutting tool research.
    [br]
    Edward Geisler Herbert was educated at Nottingham High School in 1876–87, and at University College, London, in 1887–90, graduating with a BSc in Physics in 1889 and remaining for a further year to take an engineering course. He began his career as a premium apprentice at the Nottingham works of Messrs James Hill \& Co, manufacturers of lace machinery. In 1892 he became a partner with Charles Richardson in the firm of Richardson \& Herbert, electrical engineers in Manchester, and when this partnership was dissolved in 1895 he carried on the business in his own name and began to produce machine tools. He remained as Managing Director of this firm, reconstituted in 1902 as a limited liability company styled Edward G.Herbert Ltd, until his retirement in 1928. He was joined by Charles Fletcher (1868–1930), who as joint Managing Director contributed greatly to the commercial success of the firm, which specialized in the manufacture of small machine tools and testing machinery.
    Around 1900 Herbert had discovered that hacksaw machines cut very much quicker when only a few teeth are in operation, and in 1902 he patented a machine which utilized this concept by automatically changing the angle of incidence of the blade as cutting proceeded. These saws were commercially successful, but by 1912, when his original patents were approaching expiry, Herbert and Fletcher began to develop improved methods of applying the rapid-saw concept. From this work the well-known Rapidor and Manchester saws emerged soon after the First World War. A file-testing machine invented by Herbert before the war made an autographic record of the life and performance of the file and brought him into close contact with the file and tool steel manufacturers of Sheffield. A tool-steel testing machine, working like a lathe, was introduced when high-speed steel had just come into general use, and Herbert became a prominent member of the Cutting Tools Research Committee of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1919, carrying out many investigations for that body and compiling four of its Reports published between 1927 and 1933. He was the first to conceive the idea of the "tool-work" thermocouple which allowed cutting tool temperatures to be accurately measured. For this advance he was awarded the Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal of the Institution in 1926.
    His best-known invention was the Pendulum Hardness Tester, introduced in 1923. This used a spherical indentor, which was rolled over, rather than being pushed into, the surface being examined, by a small, heavy, inverted pendulum. The period of oscillation of this pendulum provided a sensitive measurement of the specimen's hardness. Following this work Herbert introduced his "Cloudburst" surface hardening process, in which hardened steel engineering components were bombarded by steel balls moving at random in all directions at very high velocities like gaseous molecules. This treatment superhardened the surface of the components, improved their resistance to abrasion, and revealed any surface defects. After bombardment the hardness of the superficially hardened layers increased slowly and spontaneously by a room-temperature ageing process. After his retirement in 1928 Herbert devoted himself to a detailed study of the influence of intense magnetic fields on the hardening of steels.
    Herbert was a member of several learned societies, including the Manchester Association of Engineers, the Institute of Metals, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He retained a seat on the Board of his company from his retirement until the end of his life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Manchester Association of Engineers Butterworth Gold Medal 1923. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Thomas Hawksley Gold Medal 1926.
    Bibliography
    E.G.Herbert obtained several British and American patents and was the author of many papers, which are listed in T.M.Herbert (ed.), 1939, "The inventions of Edward Geisler Herbert: an autobiographical note", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 141: 59–67.
    ASD / RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Herbert, Edward Geisler

  • 16 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 17 Williams, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Wales
    d. 29 November 1802 Bath, England
    [br]
    Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.
    [br]
    Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.
    As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.
    In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.
    After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Williams, Thomas

  • 18 заметный

    •

    The greater this velocity, the more conspicuous the Doppler shift.

    •

    A distinct drop was found at 86°F.

    •

    All these alloys possess marked ferromagnetic properties.

    •

    Acridine shows marked fluorescence.

    •

    If no perceptible (or sensible) change takes place in..., the solution is saturated.

    •

    The influence of temperature is much more prominent than that of the reactor throughout.

    •

    Only one reaction occurs at a detectable rate without a catalyst.

    •

    The hydrogen contains noticeable amounts of ammonia and... as impurities.

    •

    These changes are most evident in gases.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > заметный

  • 19 Л-168

    ВЫХОДИТЬ/ВЫЙТИ (ВЫБИВАТЬСЯ/ВЫБИТЬСЯ) В ЛЮДИ VP subj: human more often pfv) to achieve a prominent position in society, achieve success in life as a result of determined effort
    X вышел в люди = X rose (came up, moved up) in the world
    X made his way in the world X made his way up (in the world) X became somebody X got ahead in the world X made something of himself X made it (in limited contexts) X worked his way up from... X carved out a career for himself.
    «Ну что, Евгений, выходишь в люди, - бодро сказал Силаев. - Скоро вообще большим человеком будешь» (Войнович 5). "Well, Evgeny, you're moving up in the world," said Silaev heartily. "Pretty soon you'll be a big shot" (5a).
    «Вот уж эта (Татьяна) выбьется в люди» (Абрамов 1). "That one (Tatyana) will really make her way in the world" (1b).
    Про Алферова говорили, что он из захудалых казачьих офицеришек выбился в люди лишь благодаря своей жене - бабе энергичной и умной говорили, что она тянула бездарного супруга за уши и до тех пор не давала ему дыхнуть, пока он, три раза срезавшись, на четвёртый все же выдержал экзамен в академию (Шолохов 3). Alferov was said to have made his way up from being a lowly Cossack officer only thanks to his energetic and intelligent wife, she had dragged her dull-witted spouse out of his rut and never let him rest until, after three failures, he had passed the Academy entrance examination (3a).
    (Анастасия Ефремовна:) Мы думаем о том, чтобы ты в люди вышел, и считаться с твоими капризами больше не намерены! (Розов 1). (А.Е.:)...We want you to be somebody-so we don't intend to pay any attention to your whims (1a).
    Знаю я, как здесь фотографы десятилетиями вкалывают, выбиваясь в люди (Лимонов 1). I know how photographers knock themselves out for decades trying to make it here (1a).
    (authors usage) Из лотковых писарей вылез Емельян Константинович (Атепин) в люди, оттуда же принес в семью затхлый душок подхалимства, заискивания (Шолохов 2). Atyopin had worked his way up from regimental clerk, and from his humble beginnings he brought to his family the fusty atmosphere of bootlicking and ingratiation (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Л-168

  • 20 выбиваться в люди

    • ВЫХОДИТЬ/ВЫЙТИ (ВЫБИВАТЬСЯ/ВЫБИТЬСЯ) В ЛЮДИ
    [VP; subj: human; more often pfv]
    =====
    ⇒ to achieve a prominent position in society, achieve success in life as a result of determined effort:
    - X вышел в люди≈ X rose (came up, moved up) in the world;
    - [in limited contexts] X worked his way up from...;
    - X carved out a career for himself.
         ♦ "Ну что, Евгений, выходишь в люди, - бодро сказал Силаев. - Скоро вообще большим человеком будешь" (Войнович 5). "Well, Evgeny, you're moving up in the world," said Silaev heartily. "Pretty soon you'll be a big shot" (5a).
         ♦ "Вот уж эта [Татьяна] выбьется в люди" (Абрамов 1). "That one [Tatyana] will really make her way in the world" (1b).
         ♦ Про Алферова говорили, что он из захудалых казачьих офицеришек выбился в люди лишь благодаря своей жене - бабе энергичной и умной; говорили, что она тянула бездарного супруга за уши и до тех пор не давала ему дыхнуть, пока он, три раза срезавшись, на четвёртый все же выдержал экзамен в академию (Шолохов 3). Alferov was said to have made his way up from being a lowly Cossack officer only thanks to his energetic and intelligent wife; she had dragged her dull-witted spouse out of his rut and never let him rest until, after three failures, he had passed the Academy entrance examination (3a).
         ♦ [Анастасия Ефремовна:] Мы думаем о том, чтобы ты в люди вышел, и считаться с твоими капризами больше не намерены! (Розов 1). [А.Е.:]... We want you to be somebody-so we don't intend to pay any attention to your whims (1a).
         ♦ Знаю я, как здесь фотографы десятилетиями вкалывают, выбиваясь в люди (Лимонов 1). I know how photographers knock themselves out for decades trying to make it here (1a).
         ♦ [authors usage] Из поаковых писарей вылез Емельян Константинович [Атепин] в люди, оттуда же принес в семью затхлый душок подхалимства, заискивания (Шолохов 2). Atyopin had worked his way up from regimental clerk, and from his humble beginnings he brought to his family the fusty atmosphere of bootlicking and ingratiation (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > выбиваться в люди

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